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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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00195_Field_frep110x.txt
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1996-12-30
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THEORIES OF COLOR VISION
The statements I have made
about the relationship between
what cones are stimulated and
what we see depend on research
that began with Newton in 1704
and continues up to the
present. The ingenuity of
Newton's experiments is hard to
exaggerate: in his work on
color, he split up white light
with a prism; he recombined
the light with a second prism,
obtaining white again; he made
a top consisting of colored
segments, which when spun
gave white. These discoveries
led to the recognition that
ordinary light is made up of a
continuous mixture of light of
different wavelengths.
Gradually, over the
eighteenth century, it came to
be realized that any color could
be obtained by mixtures of light
of three wavelengths in the
right proportions, provided the
wavelengths were far enough
apart. The idea that any color
could be produced by
manipulating three controls (in
this case, controls of the
intensity of the three lights)
was termed trichromacy. In
1802 Thomas Young put forward
a clear and simple theory to
explain trichromacy: he
proposed that at each point in
the retina there must exist at
least three "particles"--tiny
light-sensitive structures--
sensitive to three colors, red,
green, and violet. The long time
span between Newton and
Young is hard to explain, but
various roadblocks, such as
yellow and blue paints mixing
to produce green, must surely
have impeded clear thinking.
The definitive experiments that
finally proved Young's idea that
color must depend on a retinal
mosaic of three kinds of
detectors was finally confirmed
directly and conclusively in
1959, when two groups, George
Wald and Paul Brown at Harvard
and William Marks, William
Dobelle, and Edward MacNichol
at Johns Hopkins, examined
microscopically the abilities of
single cones to absorb light of
different wavelengths and
found three, and only three,
cone types. Meanwhile,
scientists had had to do the best
they could by less direct means,
and they had, in fact, in the
course of several centuries
arrived at substantially the
same result, proving Young's
theory that just three types of
cones were necessary and
estimating their spectral
sensitivities. The methods were
mainly psychophysical:
scientists learned what colors
are produced with various
mixtures of monochromatic
lights, they studied the effects
on color vision of selective
bleaching with monochromatic
lights, and they studied color
blindness.